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You are here: Wiki-Summaries  >> School Food & Nutrition  >>  School Gardens
School & Community Gardens
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School & Community Gardens can be a big part of nutrition and environmental education and promotion. The Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the UN has described school gardens as follows:
"School Gardens are found in many countries, in different forms and sizes, with varying aims. In most cases, the School Garden is an area of land within the school grounds or nearby. Vegetables, flowers, medicinal plants, trees, bushes and many other plants are usually grown. Occasionally, small animals are also kept in the in the garden such as ducks, rabbits, chickens, goats and even fish. In cities where schools have limited space or lack open earth, the School Garden can consist of plants growing in containers.Although the term "School Garden" embraces a variety of gardening and agricultural elements, School Gardens usually have two things in common:
  1. The school children actively help parents and other interested community member in creating and maintaining the garden;
  2. These schoolchildren use the garden - for learning, for recreation and by eating what is harvested."                                                                                                
Community-based gardens near the school can be operated by students in cooperation with senior citizens groups, community and environmental organizations and others.Funding requirements are minimal and often come from farming organizations, municipalities or voluntary organizations. The benefits of school garden programs include gains in science knowledge, environmental attitudes, social & dietary behaviours. Garden projects fit easily with primary school interdisciplinary learning activities as well as science, health and environmental studies in secondary schools.They can be part of multi-intervention programs (MIPs) on school food & nutrition such as the FAO School Food & Nutrition program or the WHO Nutrition-Friendly Schools initiative. These MIPs are usually part of multi-component approaches such as healthy schools, community schools and green schools. A 2016-17 survey conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) found that about one-third of the 163 responding countries listed school gardens as one of their policy actions. Policy and program guidance from several UN agencies recommend school gardens as part of a multi-intervention  program on school food & nutrition. 
Sources:
  • FAO (2005) Setting up and running a School Garden. A manual for teachers, parents and communities, Rome, FAO, World Food Program
  • World Health Organization (2018) Global Nutrition Policy Review 2016-2017 (Draft) Geneva, WHO
  • FRESH Partners (2019) Thematic Indicator 3: Food and Nutrition (Second Edition)
This Glossary Term (GT) was posted as an excerpt from a credible source on 21 December 2020. The following individuals and organizations have contributed to this topic. Comments are welcome. Please post comments about this summary below or on the landing page/mini-blog fopr this section for this section.
Text
Draft List of Key Research, Reports & Resources (In progress)
  • Dorothy Blair (2009) The Child in the Garden: An Evaluative Review of the Benefits of School Gardening, The Journal of Environmental Education, 40:2, 15-38, DOI: 10.3200/JOEE.40.2.15-38
  • Carrie Draper & Darcy Freedman (2010) Review and Analysis of the Benefits, Purposes, and Motivations Associated with Community Gardening in the United States, Journal of Community Practice, 18:4, 458-492, DOI: 10.1080/10705422.2010.519682
  • Ozer, E. J. (2007) The effects of school gardens on students and schools: Conceptualization and consideration for maximizing healthy development. Health Education and Behavior, 34: 846–863 .
  • Robinson-O'Brien, R., Story, M. and Heim, S. (2009) Impact of garden-based youth nutrition intervention programs: A review. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 109: 273–280 . 
  • Machida D, Kushida O. (2020) The Influence of Food Production Experience on Dietary Knowledge, Awareness, Behaviors, and Health among Japanese: A Systematic Review, Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 2;17(3):924. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17030924 .
  • José-Reyes Ruiz-Gallardo, Alonso Verde & Arturo Valdés (2013) Garden-Based Learning: An Experience With “At Risk” Secondary Education Students, The Journal of Environmental Education, 44:4, 252-270, DOI: 10.1080/00958964.2013.786669
  • Anne C. Bell & Janet E. Dyment (2008) Grounds for health: the intersection of green school grounds and health‐promoting schools, Environmental Education Research, 14:1, 77-90, DOI: 10.1080/13504620701843426
  • Ellen A. Skinner, Una Chi & The Learning-Gardens Educational Assessment Group 1 (2012) Intrinsic Motivation and Engagement as “Active Ingredients” in Garden-Based Education: Examining Models and Measures Derived From Self-Determination Theory, The Journal of Environmental Education, 43:1, 16-36, DOI: 10.1080/00958964.2011.596856
  • Collective School Garden Network (nd) School Gardens Web Site, California, Western Farmers Foundation
  • Saddal Diab (2019) School gardens, education, and me: New World Food Programme school gardening initiative in South Sudan sows seeds for a brighter future, World Food Program
  • Heise TL, Romppel M, Molnar S, Buchberger B, Berg AVD, Gartlehner G, Lhachimi SK. (2017) Community gardening, community farming and other local community-based gardening interventions to prevent overweight and obesity in high-income and middle-income countries: protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2017 Jun 15;7(6):e016237. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016237
  • Desmond, D., Grieshop, J., & Subramaniam, A. (2002). Revisiting garden-based learning in basic education. Report prepared for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
  • Williams, D.R., & Dixon, P.S. (2013) Impact of garden-based learning on academic outcomes in schools synthesis of research between 1990 and 2010. Review of Educational Research, 83 (2), 211–235.
  • Ohly H, Gentry S, Wigglesworth R, Bethel A, Lovell R, Garside R. (2016) A systematic review of the health and well-being impacts of school gardening: synthesis of quantitative and qualitative evidence. BMC Public Health. 2016 Mar 25;16:286. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-2941-0
  • Davis J.N., Spaniol M.R., Somerset S. (2015) Sustenance and sustainability: Maximizing the impact of school gardens on health outcomes, Public Health Nutrition, Volume 18, 2015
  • Wells N.M., Meyers B.M., Todd L.E., Henderson C.R., Barale K., Gaolach B., Ferenz G., Aitken M., Tse C.C., Pattison K.O., Hendrix L., Carson J.B., Taylor C., Franz N.K. (2018) The carry-over effects of school gardens on fruit and vegetable availability at home: A randomized controlled trial with low-income elementary schools, Preventive Medicine, Volume 112, 2018
  • Jennifer Utter, Simon Denny, Ben Dyson (2016) School gardens and adolescent nutrition and BMI: Results from a national, multilevel study, Preventive Medicine, Volume 83, February 2016, Pages 1-4
  • Mateja R.Savoie-Roskos, HeidiWengreen, CarrieDurward (2017) Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Children and Youth through Gardening-Based Interventions: A Systematic Review, Elsevier Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Volume 117, Issue 2, February 2017, Pages 240-250 doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2016.10.014
  • Jayne Hutchinson, Meaghan Sarah Christian, Charlotte Elizabeth Louise Evans, Camilla Nykjaer, Neil Hancock, Janet Elizabeth Cade (2015) Evaluation of the impact of school gardening interventions on children's knowledge of and attitudes towards fruit and vegetables. A cluster randomised controlled trial Appetite, Volume 91, 2015, pp. 405-414
  • Guéladio Cissé, (2019) Vegetables Go to School in Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Indonesia, Nepal, Philippines, FAO Experts Meeting Report, p. 103 More information at: http://vgts.avrdc.org/ and http://vgts.avrdc.org/research/research-publications/
  • Gulayan sa Paaralan (Vegetables go to School Programme) of the Philippines Presentation, FAO, 2019, p 80
    [1] Khan, M., Bell, S., McGeown, S., Silveirinha de Oliveira, E. (2019) Designing an outdoor learning environment for and with a primary school community: a case study in Bangladesh, Landscape Research,  DOI: 10.1080/01426397.2019.1569217
  • Katie Bucher (2017) Opening garden gates: Teachers making meaning of school gardens in Havana and Philadelphia, Teaching and Teacher Education, Volume 63, 2017, pp. 12-21
  • Hume, A., Wetten, A., Feeney, C., Taylor, S., O'Dea, K., & Brimblecombe, J. (2014) Remote school gardens: Exploring a cost-effective and novel way to engage Australian Indigenous students in nutrition and health. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 8 (3), 235–240
  • Shawn Somerset, Antoine Bossard (2009) Variations in prevalence and conduct of school food gardens in tropical and subtropical regions of north-eastern Australia, Public Health Nutrition, Volume 12, Issue 9, pp. 1485-1493,  doi.org/10.1017/S1368980008004552
  • Hume A, O'Dea K, Brimblecombe J. (2013) "We need our own food, to grow our own veggies…" Remote Aboriginal food gardens in the Top End of Australia's Northern Territory. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2013 Oct;37(5):434-41. doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12103
  • Clague L., Harrison N., Stewart K., Atkinson C. (2018) Thinking Outside the Circle: Reflections on Theory and Methods for School-Based Garden Research, Australian Journal of Indigenous Education, Volume 47, 2018
  • Matthew Fifolt, Amy Ferguson Morgan, Zoe Ripple Burgess (2017) Promoting School Connectedness Among Minority Youth Through Experience-Based Urban Farming, Journal of Experiential Education, Vol 41, Issue 2, 2018, doi.org/10.1177/1053825917736332
  • Megan B. Knapp, Megan T. Hall, Adrienne R. Mundorf, Kerrie L. Partridge, Carolyn C. Johnson (2018) Perceptions of School-Based Kitchen Garden Programs in Low-Income, African American Communities, Health Promotion Practice, doi.org/10.1177/1524839918782157
  • FAO (2010) A new deal for school gardens. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
  • Huys, N., De Cocker, K., De Craemer, M., (...), Cardon, G., De Lepeleere, S. (2017) School gardens: A qualitative study on implementation practices, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  • Eric L. Hazzard, Elizabeth Moreno, Deborah L. Beall, Sheri Zidenberg-Cherr (2011) Best Practices Models for Implementing, Sustaining, and Using Instructional School Gardens in California, Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, Volume 43, Issue 5, 2011, pp. 409-413
  • Kate Gardner Burt, Pamela Koch, Isobel Contento (2016) Development of the GREEN (Garden Resources, Education, and Environment Nexus) Tool: An Evidence-Based Model for School Garden Integration, Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Volume 117, Issue 10, 2017, pp. 1517-1527.e4
  • Eric L. Hazzard, Elizabeth Moreno, Deborah L. Beall, Sheri Zidenberg-Cherr (2012) Factors Contributing to a School's Decision to Apply for the California Instructional School Garden Program, Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, Volume 44, Issue 4, 2012, pp. 379-383
  • Heise TL, Romppel M, Molnar S, Buchberger B, Berg AVD, Gartlehner G, Lhachimi SK. (2017) Community gardening, community farming and other local community-based gardening interventions to prevent overweight and obesity in high-income and middle-income countries: protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2017 Jun 15;7(6):e016237. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016237


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  • Overview
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            - School Gardens
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