Sexual Minority (LGBT) Students & Families (BT)This is a featured page

This initial collection or research references, reports and resources on LGBT Students & Families has been started by the International School Health Network with funding from the Public Health Agency of Canada.

Visitors to and members of this wiki-based web site are welcome to add references (using the Easy Edit" tool found at the top of the page or commenting on the collection by using the "thread" tool found at the bottom of the page. (All previous versions of this page are automatically saved by the system, so don't hesitate to edit this page. This initial collection has been formatted in accordance with the outline for bibliographies/ toolboxes relating to populations or local community contexts used in this knowledge exchange program.

Note: This collection of research, reports and resources is closely related to another also posted in this Encyclopedia. See Homophobic Bullying, Mental Health, Safety & Sexual Health of LGBT Students for materials on a significant health and social issue affecting LGBT and other students.

Outline for Bibliographies on Populations/Local Community ContextsThis is a featured page The following outline is used to list research, reports and resources to describe populations and sub-populations such as young children, adolescents, young adults, aboriginal students and schools, children with disabilities etc. The outline is organized in these sections:

A. Defining the Population
B. Issues of Urgent or Significant Concern to this Population, Interventions of More Relevance to this population
C. Impact of Effective Interventions on the health, learning and social development of this Population
D. How to Implement Interventions with this Population
E. Research Issues and Questions


Framework for Listing Research, Reports and Resources on Populations
(Defined by Proximity to Risk, Geography, Community Characteristics, Gender, Culture etc)

A. Defining the Population

A-1 Overview

Research
Reports/Resources
Grossman, A.H, & D’augelli, A.R. (2006). Transgender Youth. Journal of Homosexuality, 51(1), 111-128. p. 114;

Burdge; Dean et al.; Meyer, I. H., & Northridge, M. E. (Eds.). (2007). The health of sexual minorities: Public health perspectives on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations. New York: Springer.

Pizmony-Levy, Oren;Shilo, Guy;Pinhasi, Batia (2009) Is There a New Israeli Gay Teenager? Journal of LGBT Youth, v6 n4 p340-368 2009
  • Queer Awareness Presentation
    A fact-based overview of LGBT issues and homophobia presented in several slides. (Central Alberta Rainbow Youth, Canada)


A-2 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Population

Research
Reports/Resources
Cohen-Kettenis, P. T.; Owen, A.; Kaijser, V. G.; Bradley, S. J.; & Zucker, K. J. (2003). Demographic characteristics, social competence, and behavior problems in children with gender identity disorder: A cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(1), 41-53.;

Zucker, K. J. (2005). Gender identity disorder in children and adolescents. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 467-492.

Grossman & D’Augelli; McDermott, E.; Roen, K.; & Scourfield, J. (2008). Avoiding shame: Young LGBT people, homophobia and self-destructive behaviours. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 10(8), 815-829.




A-3 Linkages, connections to other populations


Research
Reports/Resources




A-4 Understanding Key Characteristics of the Population and How they Interact with Risk or Protective Factors

Research
Reports/Resources

  • Adolescents of the U.S. National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study: Sexual Orientation, Sexual Behavior, and Sexual Risk Exposure
    This study assessed Kinsey self-ratings and lifetime sexual experiences of 17-year-olds with lesbian mothers in the longest-running, prospective study of same-sex parented families. The results revealed that there were no reports of physical or sexual victimization by a parent or other caregiver. Regarding sexual orientation, 18.9% of the adolescent girls and 2.7% of the adolescent boys self-rated in the bisexual spectrum, and 0% of girls and 5.4% of boys self-rated as predominantly-to-exclusively homosexual. When compared with age-and gender-matched adolescents of the National Survey of Family Growth, the study off-spring were significantly older at the time of their first heterosexual contact, and the daughters of lesbian mothers were significantly more likely to have had same-sex contact. These findings suggest that adolescents reared in lesbian families are less likely than their peers to be victimized by a parent or other caregiver, and that daughters of lesbian mothers are more likely to engage in same-sex behavior and to identify as bisexual.

  • Adolescents of the USA National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study: Can Family Characteristics Counteract the Negative Effects of Stigmatization?
    This investigation examines the impact of homophobic stigmatization on the wellbeing of 17-year-old adolescents who were conceived through donor insemination and whose mothers enrolled before they were born in the largest, longest-running, prospective study of lesbian families, with a 93% retention rate to date. The data for the current report were collected through questionnaires completed by the adolescents and their mothers. The adolescents (39 girls and 39 boys) were queried about family connection and compatibility. They were also asked to indicate if they had experienced discrimination based on their mothers’ sexual orientation. Adolescent well-being was assessed through the parental report of the Child Behavior Checklist/6–18. Forty-one percent of the adolescents had experienced stigmatization based on homophobia. Hierarchical, multiple-regression analyses revealed that stigmatization was associated with more problem behavior in these adolescents, but that family compatibility neutralized this negative influence. The results indicate that adolescents who have close, positive relationships with their lesbian mothers demonstrate resilience in response to stigmatization.



B. Issues and Interventions that are More Relevant to this Population

B-1 Listing of Key Problems/Opportunities Most Relevant to the Population

Research
Reports/Resources
Disclosure of Identity to Parents

Maguen, S.; Shipherd, J.C.; Harris, H.N.; & Welch, L.P. (2007). Prevalence and Predictors of Disclosure of Transgender Identity. International Journal of Sexual Health, 19 (1), 3-13.


Disclosure of Identity to Friends & Peers


Bullying, Harassment & Verbal Abuse
  • Beyond Homophobia Beyond Homophobia: Meeting the needs of same sex attracted and gender questioning (SSAGQ) young people in Victoria - A policy blueprint This document provides a way forward in both policy and practice for a coordinated whole of government approach to meeting the needs of same sex attracted and gender questioning (SSAGQ) young people.
Mental Health & Suicide

Grossman & D’Augelli; McDermott, E.; Roen, K.; & Scourfield, J. (2008). Avoiding shame: Young LGBT people, homophobia and self-destructive behaviours. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 10(8), 815-829.
Hormone Therapy


Other Health Risks (Associated with Discrimination, Mental Health, etc)


Social Stigma (Lack of recognition in media, culture etc)

Smolkin, Laura B.;Young, Craig A.(2011) Missing Mirrors, Missing Windows: Children's Literature Textbooks and LGBT Topics Language Arts, v88 n3 p217-225 Jan 2011



B-2 Listing of Interventions Most relevant to the Population


Research
Reports/Resources
Multiple Intervention Programs
  • What School District Leaders Can Do to Create Safe and Caring Schools for LGBTQ Students
    This micro-workshop provides an opportunity for school district leaders, such as principals or school board members to develop an awareness of sexual orientation and gender identity issues. Schools, classrooms and communities should be models of diversity, where all students have the opportunity to reach their full potential. All students need to feel valued, welcomed and safe, regardless of their sexual-orientation. It is available in a PDF document or as a PowerPoint presentation. (Safe & Caring Schools Society, Alberta, Canada)

C) Impact of the Intervention/Examples of Programs with this Population

C-1 On Health & Social Development Overall

Research
Reports/Resources
Re-orienting Adolescent Health Services to make them LGBT friendly (Based or linked to schools)

Kelley, Leah , Chou, Calvin L. , Dibble, Suzanne L. and Robertson, Patricia A.(2008) 'A Critical Intervention in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health: Knowledge and Attitude Outcomes Among Second-Year Medical Students', Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 20: 3, 248 — 253.

Lev AI (2004) Transgender Emergence: Therapeutic Guidelines for Working With Gender-Variant People and Their Families Haworth Press
  • LGBT Health Curriculum for Medical Students
    In response to concerns raised by medical students that they had not been adequately trained in LGBT health issues, directors of a 2nd year interdisciplinary Life Cycle Course created and implemented a 2-hour curriculum. The curriculum, created within input from educators, physicians, and members from LGBT communities, was designed to increase students' awareness of LGBT issues, highlight disparities in care for LGBT populations, and underscore the important role that physicians can play in dispelling disparities in the health services LGBT populations receive.     (Identified by the Canadian Best Practices Portal, Public Health Agency of Canada)
Information & Counselling Services Specifically for LGBT Youth

Friesner, D.E., and Laura, R.P. (2007). Comparison group identification for difficult-to-evaluate populations: lessons from evaluating 1n10 LGBTQ Youth Support Services. Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation, 4(8):16-39.

Lev, A.I. (2004). Transgender Emergence: Therapeutic guidelines for working with gender-variant people and their families. New York: The Haworth Clinical Practice Press

Chen-Hayes, S.F. (2001). Counseling and advocacy with transgendered and gender-variant persons in schools and families. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, 40(1), 34-48.

Cohen-Kettenis, P.T.; Delemarre-van de Waal, H.A.; & Gooren, L.J. (2008). The treatment of adolescent transsexuals. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 5, 1892-1897

Perrin, E.C. (2002). Sexual orientation in child and adolescent health care. New York: Springer
  • 1n10 LGBTQ Youth Support Services
    1n10 is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to serving and assisting lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth. Its mission is to inspire these youth to realize their full potential and foster a sense of community. In order to meet this mission, 1n10 operates several programs, including a youth support group, and a youth theater group in collaboration with the Pheonix chapter of the Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Education Network (GLSEN). 1n10's programs are geared towards helping youth accept themselves, understand their communities, build trust, and create positive self-identities.    (Identified by the Canadian Best Practices Portal, Public Health Agency of Canada)

  • Sexual-Minority Youth Intervention and Community Outreach Project (Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) In 2008, iSMSS received funding from the Edmonton Community Foundation, the United Way, and the City of Edmonton to develop a multi-year, sexual-minority youth intervention and community outreach project. The three major goals of this project are to: Utilize the expertise of a sexual-minority youth advocate and intervention worker;Youth Understanding Youth as a primary intervention and prevention site for sexual-minority youth; and Develop a community-based sexual-minority youth needs assessment and mentorship project with Big Brothers and Big Sisters Society of Edmonton.

  • Let’s talk trans A resource for trans and questioning youth
    This booklet is for youth who want information about being trans,gender transition, coming out as trans, or finding resources and getting support.(Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, BC, Canada)
On-Line Information & Referral Services
  • AlterHeros (Montreal, QC) A team of trained peer helpers responds to online questions and refers/responds to requests.
Information and Support to Parents of LGBT Youth


C-2 On Specific Health and Social Problems/Behaviours or Protective Factors/Behaviours

Research
Reports/Resources


Saewyc, EM, Poon C, Skay C, Homma Y. (2008). The role of protective factors in reducing the odds of teen pregnancy involvement among bisexual adolescents in Canada and the U.S., [abstract], International Journal of Psychology, 46(3&4), 555.

Saewyc, E., Poon, C., Homma, Y,. & Skay, C. (2008). Stigma management? The links between enacted stigma and teen pregnancy trends among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students in British Columbia.Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 17(3) 123-139.
  • QueerTIP (Queer Tobacco Intervention Project)
    A culturally specific smoking cessation services targeted to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) adult and youth. QueerTIP for LGBT Smokers is a series of nine two-hour sessions held over an eight-week period for a class size of 8 to 20 participants, followed by two booster sessions held three and six months later. The class was expanded from the traditional seven or eight sessions to facilitate greater support among participants. QueerTIP created a detailed smoking cessation manual tailored for LGBT persons. It was based on the Last Drag manual and "best practice" models developed by the American Cancer Society ("FreshStart") and the American Lung Association ("Freedom from Smoking").     (Identified by the Canadian Best Practices Portal, Public Health Agency of Canada)
  • Stop Dragging Your Butt: Smoking Cessation and the GLBT Community This project's main objective was to provide and further develop LGBT-specific smoking cessation programs designed for both men and women. It was designed with the understanding that LGBT people may lead lifestyles that are quite different from the 'mainstream' in terms of where, why and how smoking became a part of their lifestyles. "Stop Dragging Your Butt" attempts to create a cessation environment where LGBT people feel comfortable and confident expressing their own personal issues. (Identified by the Canadian Best Practices Portal, Public Health Agency of Canada)


C-3 On Learning and School Effectiveness


Research
Reports/Resources




C-4 Landmark Evaluated Examples or Reviews of Successful Interventions with the Population


Research
Reports/Resources
Overview
Explicit and coordinated policies
Specific curriculum and instruction

Smolkin, Laura B.;Young, Craig A.(2011) Missing Mirrors, Missing Windows: Children's Literature Textbooks and LGBT Topics Language Arts, v88 n3 p217-225 Jan 2011

Jennings, Todd;Macgillivray, Ian K. (2011) A Content Analysis of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Topics in Multicultural Education Textbooks Teaching Education, v22 n1 p39-62 Mar 2011
Re-oriented health and social services
  • Rainbow Health Educational Tool Kit
    an educational toolkit to increase healthcare and social service providers’ capacity to address the health and well-being of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, transgendered, intersexed, Two-Spirited, and queer (LGBTTTIQ) people. (Rainbow Health Coalition, Canada)

  • Gender and Sexual Diversity Learning Module
    An on-line training manual for physicians and other professionals about some of the expectations and professional standards that relate to the care of people who identify as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgendered/Trans-sexual, Queer and/or Intersex (LGBTTQI). We also include an historical perspective on sexuality and medicine.

  • CRITICAL ISSUES IN PRACTICE WITH
    GAY, LESBIAN, BISEXUAL AND TWO-SPIRIT PEOPLE
    EDUCATIONAL MODULE FOR PROFESSIONALS
    IN THE FIELDS OF HEALTH AND ALLIED HEALTH
    The goals of the course are to: increase awareness of the health and psycho-social issues of glbt-s people; identify
    ways in which practice can be transformed, and; suggest avenues for improving treatment options to these populations. By doing so, health care providers and systems can better meet the needs of glbt-s patients/clients, thereby improving the health and
    well-being of glbt-s people and communities.(Brotman S, Ryan B, 2001, McGill School of Social Work)
Changes to physical environments
Programs to increase social support and awareness
- support, education and information for LGBT parents
  • LGBT Parent Education Tool KitThe goal of this Toolkit for LGBTTQ Parents/Guardians and its companion, Toolkit for Educators and Service Providers, is to provide information and resources to help both parents and educators create safe, nurturing and inclusive learning environments for all children. An important part of this process is to share knowledge about glbttq parents, their children and their unique issues. (Around the Rainbow Resource Centre, Ottawa, Canada)


- support, information for parents of LGBT youth
  • Beyond Acceptance; Parents of Lesbians and Gays Talk About Their Experiences. Carolyn Welch Griffin, Marian J. Wirth, & Arthur G. Wirth, 1990.

  • Now That You Know; A Parents Guide to Understanding their Gay and Lesbian Children.Betty Fairchild & Nancy Hayward, 1989.


  • So Your Child is Gay: A Guide for Canadian Families and Their Friends. Dr. Jerald Bain, 2000.

  • Straight Parents, Gay Children: Keeping Families Together. Robert A. Burnstein.

- support for youth activities and projects
- increase teacher awareness and support
  • Building Awareness of Sexual-Orientation and Gender-Identity Issues in Schools: Exploring Definitions This micro workshop provides an opportunity for school staffs to develop an awareness of sexual-orientation issues. Schools, classrooms and communities should be models of diversity, where all students have the opportunity to reach their full potential. All students need to feel valued, welcomed and safe, regardless of their sexual orientation. (Safe & Caring Schools Society, Alberta)

  • Educator Tool Kit about LGBT Parenting
    The goal of this Toolkit for Educators and Service Providers and its companion, Toolkit for GLBTTQ Parents/Guardians, is to provide information and resources to help both parents and educators create safe, nurturing and inclusive learning environments for all children. An important part of this process is to share knowledge about GLBTTQ parents and their children, and their unique issues.(Around the Rainbow Resource Centre, Ottawa, Canada)

  • Sexual Orientation JUST THE FACTS ABOUT
    A Primer for Principals, Educators, and School Personnel
    This booklet provides information from physicians, counselors, social workers, psychologists, legal experts, and educators who are knowledgeable about the development of sexual orientation in youth and the issues raised by sexual orientation conversion therapy and ex-gay ministry.We hope that you and others
    who care about and work with youth will review the factual and scientific information provided here and weigh it carefully in responding to controversies about sexual orientation when they arise in your school. A Publication Endorsed by: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of School Administrators, American Counseling Association, American Federation of Teachers, American Psychological Association, American School Counselor Association, American School Health Association, Interfaith Alliance Foundation, National Association of School Psychologists, National Association of Secondary School Principals, National Association of SocialWorkers, National Education Association, School SocialWork Association of America




D) Evidence on how to Implement, Sustain Interventions with this Population

Research
Reports/Resources




D-1 Use of Diffusion and Education Change Knowledge/Theory

Research
Reports/Resources

  • Michael Phair University Student Leadership Award
    The Michael Phair Leadership Award is the first lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans-identified, or queer specific award in the history of the University of Alberta. Selection is based on demonstrated leadership qualities and involvement in extracurricular and community activities. Preference is given to undergraduate students who have demonstrated commitment to the advancement of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans-identified, two-spirited, or queer communities.

  • Institute for Sexual Minority Studies and Services, (University of Alberta, Canada) iSMSS is an interdisciplinary “hub” for scholarly work in sexual-minority studies. The Institute is housed in the Faculty of Education at the University of Alberta. More broadly, the Institute's mission is to help enhance possibilities for groundbreaking research, policy development, education, community outreach, and service provision focused on sexual minorities and their issues and concerns.


D-2 Use of Capacity-Building Knowledge/Theory and Sustainability


Research
Reports/Resources



D-3 Consideration of Ecology and System Characteristics


Research
Reports/Resources



D-4 Consideration of Community or Cultural Contexts


Research
Reports/Resources



E Questions related to Future and Current Research


Research
Reports/Resources



E-1 Future Research Needs



E-1 Major knowledge/practice/policy questions and draft or existing research agendas

Research
Reports/Resources




E-2 Use of new research methods (beyond RCT’s)

Research
Reports/Resources




E-3 Methodological Issues and Questions

Research
Reports/Resources




Research Showing the Connection between this Population and Educational Outcomes or School Effectiveness

ResearchReports/Resources



Research Showing Cost-Effectiveness or Cost-Benefits and/or Economic Burden related to this Population

ResearchReports/Resources






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