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The International School Health Network is calling for contributors, reviewers and sponsors to develop a series of summaries that define and describe several topics relating to school nutrition or nutrition friendly schools.

The development of this series of topics is being guided by Dr Mary McKenna, Professor, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Canada.

As with other topics in this program and in this web site, it is expected that each topic will eventually have a Glossary term (1-2 paragraphs), an Encyclopedia Entry (1-2 pages), a Handbook Section (10-15 pages with sub pages for case studies and a Bibliography or Toolbox that lists web-linked research articles, reports and resources such as educational programs, training tools and policy documents. We recognize that this process will likely take several months or even years, so we have designed the process so that each topic, discussion, summary and products can stand alone as well as be part of a larger whole.

These topics may eventually form part of an e-book version of a Practitioners/Policy-Makers Handbook on Nutrition Friendly Schools that will be prepared from materials in this knowledge exchange program.

Also please note that we encourage the inclusion of multi-media and social media contributions to these discussions, including recorded webinars, videos, slide presentations, blogs and more.

The topics listed in the table below are anticipated as being among the topics relevant to nutrition friendly schools or school nutrition. (This list is also open for amendment). We have included topics of relevance to high, middle and low income countries but, obviously, not all topics or nutrition issues apply the same way in different contexts. For example, high income countries may provide "school meal" programs for disadvantaged students while low income countries or regions may provide "school feeding" programs to encourage parents to send their children to attend school.

This draft list of topics has been developed by an initial small group of people or from previous projects. The topic list also drawn from our template or outline used for broad health, economic or social issues.

There are a few items on this list with active links tnhatthat have already been prepared in their "first draft" versions. Other topics may also have a rough draft that has been started from another project or source.

Individuals and organizations interested in becoming a writer, contributor or sponsor for any one or more of these topics should contact dmccall@internationalschoolhealth.org

The deadline for responding to this call is open, because the list of topics is malsoalso open for discussion.


Draft List of Topics in School Nutrition

Student Leadership/ Advocacy Programs
Category
Specific Topic
Glossary Term
(1-2 paragraphs)
Encyclopedia Entry
(Twp page summaries of the evidence, experience & examples)
Handbook Section
(15 page summaries, with case studies, recorded webinars, presentations, videos etc)
Bibliography of Research, Reports & Resources
(Lists with links to research and planning, educational resources)
School Nutrition (Nutrition Friendly Schools)
Overview


Also see:


Nutrition & Schools (B/T)
See, edit & comment on first edition posted Sept-2010

Also see:
A. Prevalence, Nature & Theories on Healthy Eating, Nutrition, Diet & schools
Overview


Nutrition: Understanding the Problem (BT)This is a featured page
A-1 Prevalence, Nature of diet, eating habits, nutrition among Children & Adolescents




A-2 Specific Aspects of nutrition and diet including strengths,assets, risks, behaviours & conditions
Strengths/Assets:
- promoting family meals
- access to traditional foods that are often healthier
- linkages with physical activity
- linkages with mental health
- linkages with a balanced lifestyle, work life

Practical Knowledge, Skills, Intentions, Normative Beliefs, Media Literacy about nutrition
- awareness, basic literacy about nutrition
- practical knowledge and daily use of nutrition facts
- ability to read nutrition labels
- ability to plan and prepare healthy snacks or meals
- attitudes about weight/stigma about overweight
- beliefs about food as a reward
- beliefs about food as part of social activities
- media literacy
- attitudes about agricultural and food production industries and corporations

Specific Problems:
- over-eating/overweight
- disordered eating/eating disorders
- access to healthy foods/food insecurity
- iron deficiencies
- inadequate calcium intake
- lack of micro-nutrients/ vitamin
- inappropriate use of fad or unhealthy diets

Linkages with Long term conditions or diseases
- obesity
- diabetes
- heart disease
- genetic factors

Specific behaviours:
- selection of healthy meals in restaurants
- preparing healthy meals and snacks
- consuming sugared beverages
- fruits and vegetables consumption
- reduced salt consumption
- reduced portion sizes
- ensuring food safety
- avoiding food allergies
- avoiding modified foods
- restricting caffeinated drinks
- reduced consumption of fat
- consumption of fresh foods rather than prepared foods
- consumption of whole grains
- following a balanced diet and balanced meals
- increased consumption of water







A-3 Behaviour Theories that Explain nutrition problems or approaches to prevention, promotionOverview




Social-Emotional Intelligence
Also see:




Social Attachment Theory
Also see:




Resilience

Also see:

Also see:

Also see:

Also see:

Stages of Change/ Transtheoretical Model

Also see:


Also see:

Self-Determination Theory
Also see:




Cognitive Behaviour Theory
Also see:




Health Belief Model
Also see:




Social Learning
Also see:




Risk Reduction/ Harm Reduction




Planned Behaviour Theory
Also see:



Problem Behaviour Theory

Also see:


B Influence of the School Environment on eating, nutrition



Nutrition: Impact of the School Environment (BT)
B-1 Influence of the School Social Environment




B-2 Influence of the School Physical EnvironmentQuality, attractiveness of school cafeteria



B-3 Influence of School Organization & Practices





Adequate time to eat lunch in the school day




Healthy fund raising activities




Reverse lunches (food consumed at end of lunch period)



B-4 Influence of School-related Transitions and child/adolescent development


Also see:



Life Course, Stages of Child/Youth Development related to nutrition










C. Comprehensive Approaches, Coordinated Agency-School Programs, Whole School Strategies to promoting healthy eating, nutrition
School Nutrition Multi-Intervention Programs (GT)
See & comment on first edition posted Sept-2010		School Nutrition Multi-Intervention Programs (EE)
See & comment on first edition posted Sept-2010

Also see:
School Nutrition Multi-Intervention Programs (HS)
See & comment on first edition posted Sept-2010		School Nutrition Multi-Intervention Programs (BT)
See & comment on first edition posted Sept-2010
C-1 Statements, Models & Frameworks on School Nutrition



Also see:

World Health Organization, (1998) Healthy Nutrition: An Essential Element of a Health Promoting School

World Health Organization (2006)Report of the Brainstorming Meeting on the development of a framework on the Nutrition-Friendly Schools Initiative

World Food Program Learning from Experience: Good Practices in 45 years of School Feeding

World Food Program, World Bank Re-thinking School Feeding: Social Safety Nets, Child Development, and the Education Sector

Global Child Nutrition Forum (2010) Accra Communique




C-2 Effectiveness of Comprehensive Approaches (Multi-issue, (not only SN), multi-level, multi-agency) eg. physical activity, mental healthEffectiveness of comprehensive SN programs in promoting overall health



Effectiveness in strengthening these assets or in addressing specific problems or behaviours

Strengths/Assets:
- promoting family meals
- access to traditional foods that are often healthier
- linkages with physical activity
- linkages with mental health
- linkages with a balanced lifestyle, work life

Practical Knowledge, Skills, Intentions, Normative Beliefs, Media Literacy about nutrition
- awareness, basic literacy about nutrition
- practical knowledge and daily use of nutrition facts
- ability to read nutrition labels
- ability to plan and prepare healthy snacks or meals
- attitudes about weight/stigma about overweight
- beliefs about food as a reward
- beliefs about food as part of social activities
- media literacy
- attitudes about agricultural and food production industries and corporations

Specific Problems:
- over-eating/overweight
- disordered eating/eating disorders
- access to healthy foods/food insecurity
- iron deficiencies
- inadequate calcium intake
- lack of micro-nutrients/ vitamin
- inappropriate use of fad or unhealthy diets

Linkages with Long term conditions or diseases
- obesity
- diabetes
- heart disease
- genetic factors

Specific behaviours:
- selection of healthy meals in restaurants
- preparing healthy meals and snacks
- consuming sugared beverages
- fruits and vegetables consumption
- reduced salt consumption
- reduced portion sizes
- ensuring food safety
- avoiding food allergies
- avoiding modified foods
- restricting caffeinated drinks
- reduced consumption of fat
- consumption of fresh foods rather than prepared foods
- consumption of whole grains
- following a balanced diet and balanced meals
- increased consumption of water





C-3 Effectiveness of Coordinated Agency-School Programs on nutrition/diet onlyEffectiveness in strengthening these assets or in addressing specific problems or behaviours

Strengths/Assets:
- promoting family meals
- access to traditional foods that are often healthier
- linkages with physical activity
- linkages with mental health
- linkages with a balanced lifestyle, work life

Practical Knowledge, Skills, Intentions, Normative Beliefs, Media Literacy about nutrition
- awareness, basic literacy about nutrition
- practical knowledge and daily use of nutrition facts
- ability to read nutrition labels
- ability to plan and prepare healthy snacks or meals
- attitudes about weight/stigma about overweight
- beliefs about food as a reward
- beliefs about food as part of social activities
- media literacy
- attitudes about agricultural and food production industries and corporations

Specific Problems:
- over-eating/overweight
- disordered eating/eating disorders
- access to healthy foods/food insecurity
- iron deficiencies
- inadequate calcium intake
- lack of micro-nutrients/ vitamin
- inappropriate use of fad or unhealthy diets

Linkages with Long term conditions or diseases
- obesity
- diabetes
- heart disease
- genetic factors

Specific behaviours:
- selection of healthy meals in restaurants
- preparing healthy meals and snacks
- consuming sugared beverages
- fruits and vegetables consumption
- reduced salt consumption
- reduced portion sizes
- ensuring food safety
- avoiding food allergies
- avoiding modified foods
- restricting caffeinated drinks
- reduced consumption of fat
- consumption of fresh foods rather than prepared foods
- consumption of whole grains
- following a balanced diet and balanced meals
- increased consumption of water



C-4 Effectiveness of Whole School SN multi-intervention programs (Educator only) Strategies on nutrition and dietEffectiveness in strengthening these assets or in addressing specific problems or behaviours

Strengths/Assets:
- promoting family meals
- access to traditional foods that are often healthier
- linkages with physical activity
- linkages with mental health
- linkages with a balanced lifestyle, work life

Practical Knowledge, Skills, Intentions, Normative Beliefs, Media Literacy about nutrition
- awareness, basic literacy about nutrition
- practical knowledge and daily use of nutrition facts
- ability to read nutrition labels
- ability to plan and prepare healthy snacks or meals
- attitudes about weight/stigma about overweight
- beliefs about food as a reward
- beliefs about food as part of social activities
- media literacy
- attitudes about agricultural and food production industries and corporations

Specific Problems:
- over-eating/overweight
- disordered eating/eating disorders
- access to healthy foods/food insecurity
- iron deficiencies
- inadequate calcium intake
- lack of micro-nutrients/ vitamin
- inappropriate use of fad or unhealthy diets

Linkages with Long term conditions or diseases
- obesity
- diabetes
- heart disease
- genetic factors

Specific behaviours:
- selection of healthy meals in restaurants
- preparing healthy meals and snacks
- consuming sugared beverages
- fruits and vegetables consumption
- reduced salt consumption
- reduced portion sizes
- ensuring food safety
- avoiding food allergies
- avoiding modified foods
- restricting caffeinated drinks
- reduced consumption of fat
- consumption of fresh foods rather than prepared foods
- consumption of whole grains
- following a balanced diet and balanced meals
- increased consumption of water



C-5 Effectiveness of SN programs on learning, educational achievement, school effectiveness




D. Use of Evidence-based Individual Interventions in SN



Nutrition: Individual Interventions (BT)
D-1 Ministry, Agency, School Policy Interventions

School Nutrition Policies (GT)
See, edit & comment on first drafts posted Sept-2010
School Nutrition Policies (EE)
See, edit & comment on first draft posted Sept-2010
School Nutrition Policies (HS)
See, edit & comment on first draft posted Sept-2010


Also see:

School Nutrition Policies (BT)
See, edit & comment on first draft posted Sept-2010

Whole of Government Policies
- policies on sale of foods that provide care or services to children/youth
- advertising of food to children
- sales of fast food near schools
- supporting school to farm policies




Health Ministries, Health Authorities & Nutrition Agencies Policies/ Professional Guidelines re working with schools




Education Ministries, School Boards and Ed. Professional Guidelines re SN




Social Service/ Child Protection Ministry & Agency Policies & Professional Guidelines re nutrition and working with schools



D-2 Curriculum & Instruction in nutrition and healthy eating Overview




Curriculum Design/ Learning Objectives/




Instructional Programs




Teaching Learning Methods/ Classroom Management




Teacher Education & Development




Student Assessment & Evaluation re nutrition and diet




Web-based Learning about nutrition and healthy eating




Parent Involvement in SN Instruction




Peer-based Instruction




Awareness & Information Classroom Programs using Celebrities, Survivors or Community or PH Personnel



D-3 Nutrition Services delivered in or linked with schools





School meal programs in high income countries




School feeding programs in low income countries




Micro-nutrient supplement programs in low income countries




Early Identification, Screening & Referral Services
- BMI screening or informal teacher assessment and referral
- regular access to public health nutritionists




Regular visits and public health inspections for food safety




Brief Counselling Services for disordered eating




Student Assistance Programs
- managing students with food allergies
- managing and supporting obese students
- managing students with eating disorders




Case Management & Coordination




School Support during Treatment for obesity or eating disorders, incl. cooperation with family-based programs




School Support for Re-integration




Individual Ed Programs for students with dietary problems




School Clinics in or linked with schools




Role, training of nutritionists in working with schools




Role, training of Physicians, Clinics, Hospitals re working with schools for Students with dietary problems




Role, training of School Social Worker, Social Services Agency




Role, training of PH Nurse, PH Programs & Health Authority




Role, training of School Guidance Counsellor, SB Student Services




Role, training of School Psychologists, local psychologists




Role, training of School Principal




Role, training of Classroom Teachers in managing dietary A problems




Role of Trained Peer Helpers in SN




Role of Parent Volunteers, Adult Mentors in SN



D-4 Social Support InterventionsOverview


Also see:










Also see:


Whole School Climate Programs




School activities to promote nutrition Awareness

- school gardens
- special menus in the cafeteria
- 		School Nutrition Activities (GT)
(See, edit or comment on rough draft posted Sept-2010)		School Nutrition Activities (EE)
(See, edit or comment on rough draft posted Sept-2010)		School Nutrition Activities (HS)
(See, edit or comment on rough draft posted Sept-2010)		School Nutrition Activities (BT)
(See, edit or comment on rough draft posted Sept-2010)

After school programs that promote healthy eating or provide food




PeerStudent HelperLeadership/ Advocacy Programs




MentoringPeer Helper Programs




Inter-generationalMentoring activitiesPrograms




Parent InformationInter-generational Activitiesactivities




Parent Information Activities




Parent Involvement & Volunteer Programs


School Nutrition Parent Involvement (BT)
(See, edit or comment on rough draft posted Sept-2010)

Parent Education, Training & Support Programs




Working with Community & Self-help Organizations
- school to farm activities




Web Awareness Programs for Parents & Students




Working with Local Media




Staff Wellness & Occupational Safety/Health Programs



D-5 Physical Environment & Resources





Active, Safe Transportation to school




Adequate, attractive cafeterias




Student friendly places within school to eat meals









E, Implementation, Capacity, Systems Change & Sustainability in school nutritionOverview


Nutrition: Implementation & Sustainability (BT)
E-1 Evidence-based, Practical & Strategic Implementation Planning in school nutritionOverview
Also see:




High Quality Implementation of SN Programs: Definition, Measuring, Monitoring




Use of Evidence-based Implementation Planning in school SN




Practical: Using mechanisms and engaging stakeholders in SN


Also see:


Strategic Local Drivers of Change or Resistance in SN
Also see:



E-2 Diffusion of Successful SN ProgramsOverview




Defining Distribution, Dissemination & Diffusion




Critical Appraisal of the innovation & "fit" with schools & local context




Fidelity Issues in school SN
Also see:



E-3 Capacity and Capacity Building in SN promotionOverview


Also see:


- Baseline CapacityEvidenced-based minimums for staffing, curriculum time, access & service delivery in school nutrition



- Community & Family Capacities




- Operational capacitiesOverview




Inter-ministry policy & coordination in school nutrition (whole of gov 't approach)




Inter-agency policy, coordination in school nutrition




Assigned staff to coordination in school nutrition




Formal & Informal mechanisms for cooperation in school nutrition including:
- inter-ministry agreements
- inter-agency agreements
- inter-ministry committees
- joint service and budget planning




On-going Knowledge exchange in school nutrition




Ongoing Workforce development in school nutrition including:
- teacher education programs
- inter-professional ed programs
- teacher development programs
- special certificates
- police officer development
- nurse, social worker development programs




Regular monitoring, reporting and program evaluation in school nutrition including:
- school self-assessments
- school recognition programs
- Indicator development
- survey development




Explicit planning for Sustainability
- organizational procedures, structures, budgets, meetings




Strategic Management of Issues



E-4 Sustainability Overview
Also see:



E-5 Consideration of system characteristics and change in school nutritionOverview


Also see:

Also see:

Applications of Systems Change Models in school nutrition




Open Adaptive Systems & school nutrition




Loosely-coupled systems & school nutrition




Professional Bureaucratic systems & school SAP




Working across multiple systems in school SAP



F Consideration of Local Community or country contextOverview


Nutrition: Consideration of Community Context (BT)
F-1 Cultural, Linguistic & Faith Communities




F-2 Aboriginal/ Indigenous Communities


Also see:




Also see:
F-3 Rural Communities




F-4 Disadvantaged Communities
- providing school meals in disadvantaged communities in high or medium income countries



F-5 Affluent Communities




F-6 Low income or developing countries- school feeding programs in low income countries



F-7 Providing food to countries, regions or communities disrupted by war/conflict, natural disasters or epidemics- providing food aid and then shifting to sustainable food supplies



G. Consideration of the primary roles, professional norms and ideologies and constraints of school systems



Nutrition: Integration with Educational Mandate of Schools (BT)
G-1 Consideration of Primary Roles, Functions of SchoolingOverview




Evidence that nutrition and diet are connected to student achievement




Evidence that school nutrition programs can significantly improve learning for some or all students





Competition with primary academic & vocational roles



G-2 Consideration of Professional Norms & Ideologies of educators





Norm: All students deserve equal time and attention



G-3 Consideration of social, economic & political constraints on schools re nutrition, eating and diet





Constraint: Parent rights and privacy must be respected



H. Major Research Issues



Nutrition: Research Issues (BT)
H-1 Knowledge & Research Agendas in school nutrition




H-2 Research Connecting SN to Learning




H-3 Cost-effectiveness & cost benefit studies in school nutrition




H-4 Use of multiple research methods in school nutrition programs




H-5 Methodological, Measurement & Technical Issues in school nutrition research